Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin
Chemical defenses in amphibians are a common antipredatory and antimicrobial strategy related to the presence of dermal glands that synthesize and store toxic or unpalatable substances. Glands are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures, being the parotoids...
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paper:paper_03622525_v278_n5_p652_Regueira2023-06-08T15:35:05Z Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin Regueira, Eleonora Sassone, Alina G. Hermida, Gladys N. Bufonidae chemical defense granular glands Rhinella arenarum anatomy and histology animal Bufonidae embryology larva metamorphosis skin Animals Bufonidae Larva Metamorphosis, Biological Skin Chemical defenses in amphibians are a common antipredatory and antimicrobial strategy related to the presence of dermal glands that synthesize and store toxic or unpalatable substances. Glands are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures, being the parotoids the most ubiquitous macrogland in toads of Bufonidae. Even though dermal glands begin to develop during late-larval stages, many species, including Rhinella arenarum, have immature glands by the end of metamorphosis, and their post-metamorphic growth is unknown. Herein, we compared the post-metamorphic development of parotoids and dorsal glands by histological and allometric studies in a size series of R. arenarum. Histological and histochemical studies to detect proteins, acidic glycoconjugates, and catecholamines, showed that both, parotoids and dorsal glands, acquire characteristics of adults in individuals larger than 50 mm; that is, a moment in which the cryptic coloration disappears. Parotoid height increased allometrically as a function of body size, whereas the size of small dorsal glands decreased with body size. The number of glands in the dorsum was not linearly related to body size, appearing to be an individual characteristic. Only adult specimens had intraepithelial granular glands in the duct of the largest glands of the parotoids. Since toxic secretions accumulate in the central glands of parotoids, allometric growth of parotoids may translate into greater protection from predators in the largest animals. Conversely, large glands in the dorsum, which produce a proteinaceous secretion of unknown function, grow isometrically to body size. Some characteristics, like intraepithelial glands in the ducts and basophilic glands in the dorsum, are limited to adults. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Fil:Regueira, E. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Sassone, A.G. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Hermida, G.N. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. 2017 https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_03622525_v278_n5_p652_Regueira http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_03622525_v278_n5_p652_Regueira |
| institution |
Universidad de Buenos Aires |
| institution_str |
I-28 |
| repository_str |
R-134 |
| collection |
Biblioteca Digital - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA) |
| topic |
Bufonidae chemical defense granular glands Rhinella arenarum anatomy and histology animal Bufonidae embryology larva metamorphosis skin Animals Bufonidae Larva Metamorphosis, Biological Skin |
| spellingShingle |
Bufonidae chemical defense granular glands Rhinella arenarum anatomy and histology animal Bufonidae embryology larva metamorphosis skin Animals Bufonidae Larva Metamorphosis, Biological Skin Regueira, Eleonora Sassone, Alina G. Hermida, Gladys N. Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| topic_facet |
Bufonidae chemical defense granular glands Rhinella arenarum anatomy and histology animal Bufonidae embryology larva metamorphosis skin Animals Bufonidae Larva Metamorphosis, Biological Skin |
| description |
Chemical defenses in amphibians are a common antipredatory and antimicrobial strategy related to the presence of dermal glands that synthesize and store toxic or unpalatable substances. Glands are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures, being the parotoids the most ubiquitous macrogland in toads of Bufonidae. Even though dermal glands begin to develop during late-larval stages, many species, including Rhinella arenarum, have immature glands by the end of metamorphosis, and their post-metamorphic growth is unknown. Herein, we compared the post-metamorphic development of parotoids and dorsal glands by histological and allometric studies in a size series of R. arenarum. Histological and histochemical studies to detect proteins, acidic glycoconjugates, and catecholamines, showed that both, parotoids and dorsal glands, acquire characteristics of adults in individuals larger than 50 mm; that is, a moment in which the cryptic coloration disappears. Parotoid height increased allometrically as a function of body size, whereas the size of small dorsal glands decreased with body size. The number of glands in the dorsum was not linearly related to body size, appearing to be an individual characteristic. Only adult specimens had intraepithelial granular glands in the duct of the largest glands of the parotoids. Since toxic secretions accumulate in the central glands of parotoids, allometric growth of parotoids may translate into greater protection from predators in the largest animals. Conversely, large glands in the dorsum, which produce a proteinaceous secretion of unknown function, grow isometrically to body size. Some characteristics, like intraepithelial glands in the ducts and basophilic glands in the dorsum, are limited to adults. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
| author |
Regueira, Eleonora Sassone, Alina G. Hermida, Gladys N. |
| author_facet |
Regueira, Eleonora Sassone, Alina G. Hermida, Gladys N. |
| author_sort |
Regueira, Eleonora |
| title |
Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| title_short |
Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| title_full |
Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| title_fullStr |
Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: Parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| title_sort |
post-metamorphic development of skin glands in a true toad: parotoids versus dorsal skin |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| url |
https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_03622525_v278_n5_p652_Regueira http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_03622525_v278_n5_p652_Regueira |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT regueiraeleonora postmetamorphicdevelopmentofskinglandsinatruetoadparotoidsversusdorsalskin AT sassonealinag postmetamorphicdevelopmentofskinglandsinatruetoadparotoidsversusdorsalskin AT hermidagladysn postmetamorphicdevelopmentofskinglandsinatruetoadparotoidsversusdorsalskin |
| _version_ |
1768544134045368320 |