Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans

Postembryonic skeletogenesis in anuran amphibians has been widely studied, yet less than one percent of the extant diversity has been covered and relatively few comparative studies exist. Here we document the sequence and timing of ossification of the Common Toad Rhinella arenarum, a large true toad...

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Autores principales:	Regueira, Eleonora, Hermida, Gladys N.
Publicado:	2017
Materias:	Anura Bufonidae Histology Ossification sequence Rhinella arenarum Skeletogenesis calcification comparative study histology larva osteology phylogenetics skeleton survey toad Amphibia Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus latinasus
Acceso en línea:	https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez
Aporte de:	Biblioteca Digital - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA) de Universidad de Buenos Aires

id	paper:paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez
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spelling	paper:paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez2025-07-30T17:45:34Z Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans Regueira, Eleonora Hermida, Gladys N. Anura Bufonidae Histology Ossification sequence Rhinella arenarum Skeletogenesis calcification comparative study histology larva osteology phylogenetics skeleton survey toad Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus latinasus Postembryonic skeletogenesis in anuran amphibians has been widely studied, yet less than one percent of the extant diversity has been covered and relatively few comparative studies exist. Here we document the sequence and timing of ossification of the Common Toad Rhinella arenarum, a large true toad (Bufonidae) from South America that is a model organism for varied ongoing research. We study histological sections and cleared-and-stained specimens of an ontogenetic series ranging from early larval stages to juveniles, documenting the ossification sequence of the entire skeleton. To diminish potential environmental biases we also study the skeletogenesis of the frog Leptodactylus latinasus (Leptodactylidae) from the same pond and season. We summarize comparative data from numerous anuran species to contextualize our results in a broad phylogenetic context. Histological data shows that skeletal calcification in R. arenarum is temporally dissociated from osteoid matrix formation and occurs later than in most other anurans, which is unexpected given its generalized pond-type larva and heavily ossified adult skeleton. At the onset of metamorphosis, exoccipitals, parasphenoid, and frontoparietals are the only ossified skull elements, whereas most of the postcranium has already started ossification. This pattern is rare among anurans but is shared by other bufonids, in which it has been previously linked to rapid development. Our comparative survey, however, suggests that the delayed bufonid pattern is not related to fast-developing larvae but instead might be a distinctive feature of true toads. © 2017 Fil:Regueira, E. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Hermida, G.N. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. 2017 https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez
institution	Universidad de Buenos Aires
institution_str	I-28
repository_str	R-134
collection	Biblioteca Digital - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA)
topic	Anura Bufonidae Histology Ossification sequence Rhinella arenarum Skeletogenesis calcification comparative study histology larva osteology phylogenetics skeleton survey toad Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus latinasus
spellingShingle	Anura Bufonidae Histology Ossification sequence Rhinella arenarum Skeletogenesis calcification comparative study histology larva osteology phylogenetics skeleton survey toad Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus latinasus Regueira, Eleonora Hermida, Gladys N. Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
topic_facet	Anura Bufonidae Histology Ossification sequence Rhinella arenarum Skeletogenesis calcification comparative study histology larva osteology phylogenetics skeleton survey toad Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus latinasus
description	Postembryonic skeletogenesis in anuran amphibians has been widely studied, yet less than one percent of the extant diversity has been covered and relatively few comparative studies exist. Here we document the sequence and timing of ossification of the Common Toad Rhinella arenarum, a large true toad (Bufonidae) from South America that is a model organism for varied ongoing research. We study histological sections and cleared-and-stained specimens of an ontogenetic series ranging from early larval stages to juveniles, documenting the ossification sequence of the entire skeleton. To diminish potential environmental biases we also study the skeletogenesis of the frog Leptodactylus latinasus (Leptodactylidae) from the same pond and season. We summarize comparative data from numerous anuran species to contextualize our results in a broad phylogenetic context. Histological data shows that skeletal calcification in R. arenarum is temporally dissociated from osteoid matrix formation and occurs later than in most other anurans, which is unexpected given its generalized pond-type larva and heavily ossified adult skeleton. At the onset of metamorphosis, exoccipitals, parasphenoid, and frontoparietals are the only ossified skull elements, whereas most of the postcranium has already started ossification. This pattern is rare among anurans but is shared by other bufonids, in which it has been previously linked to rapid development. Our comparative survey, however, suggests that the delayed bufonid pattern is not related to fast-developing larvae but instead might be a distinctive feature of true toads. © 2017
author	Regueira, Eleonora Hermida, Gladys N.
author_facet	Regueira, Eleonora Hermida, Gladys N.
author_sort	Regueira, Eleonora
title	Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
title_short	Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
title_full	Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
title_fullStr	Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
title_full_unstemmed	Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
title_sort	delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans
publishDate	2017
url	https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_00445231_v267_n_p101_Gomez
work_keys_str_mv	AT regueiraeleonora delayedosteogenesisandcalcificationinalargetruetoadwithacomparativesurveyofthetimingofskeletalossificationinanurans AT hermidagladysn delayedosteogenesisandcalcificationinalargetruetoadwithacomparativesurveyofthetimingofskeletalossificationinanurans
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Delayed osteogenesis and calcification in a large true toad with a comparative survey of the timing of skeletal ossification in anurans

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