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022 |a 1932-6203 
024 |a 10.1371/journal.pone.0101331 
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245 1 0 |a Epichloë endophytes alter inducible indirect defences in host grasses 
520 |a Epichloë endophytes are common symbionts living asymptomatically in pooid grasses and may provide chemical defences against herbivorous insects. While the mechanisms underlying these fungal defences have been well studied, it remains unknown whether endophyte presence affects the host's own defences. We addressed this issue by examining variation in the impact of Epichloë on constitutive and herbivore-induced emissions of volatile organic compounds [VOC], a well-known indirect plant defence, between two grass species, Schedonorus phoenix [ex. Festuca arundinacea; tall fescue] and Festuca pratensis [meadow fescue]. We found that feeding by a generalist aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi, induced VOC emissions by uninfected plants of both grass species but to varying extents, while mechanical wounding failed to do so in both species after one day of damage. Interestingly, regardless of damage treatment, Epichloë uncinata-infected F. pratensis emitted significantly lower quantities of VOCs than their uninfected counterparts. In contrast, Epichloë coenophiala-infected S. phoenix did not differ from their uninfected counterparts in constitutive VOC emissions but tended to increase VOC emissions under intense aphid feeding. A multivariate analysis showed that endophyte status imposed stronger differences in VOC profiles of F. pratensis than damage treatment, while the reverse was true for S. phoenix . Additionally, both endophytes inhibited R. padi population growth as measured by aphid dry biomass, with the inhibition appearing greater in E. uncinata-infected F. pratensis. Our results suggest, not only that Epichloë endophytes may play important roles in mediating host VOC responses to herbivory, but also that the magnitude and direction of such responses may vary with the identity of the Epichloë-grass symbiosis. Whether Epichloë-mediated host VOC responses will eventually translate into effects on higher trophic levels merits future investigation. 
653 0 |a 1 OCTEN 3 OL 
653 0 |a 3 HEXEN 1 OL 
653 0 |a 3 HEXEN 1 OL ACETATE 
653 0 |a 6 METHYL 5 HEPTEN 2 ONE 
653 0 |a ALPHA TERPINOLENE 
653 0 |a BETA PHELLANDRENE 
653 0 |a CARYOPHYLLENE 
653 0 |a COMPARATIVE STUDY 
653 0 |a CONTROLLED STUDY 
653 0 |a ENDOPHYTE 
653 0 |a ENDOSYMBIOSIS 
653 0 |a EPICHLOE 
653 0 |a EPICHLOE COENOPHIALA 
653 0 |a EPICHLOE UNCINATA 
653 0 |a FESTUCA PRATENSIS 
653 0 |a GRASS 
653 0 |a GROWTH INHIBITION 
653 0 |a HERBIVORY 
653 0 |a HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION 
653 0 |a LEAF DAMAGE 
653 0 |a LIMONENE 
653 0 |a LINALOOL 
653 0 |a MYRCENE 
653 0 |a NONHUMAN 
653 0 |a OCIMENE 
653 0 |a PEST POPULATION 
653 0 |a PINENE 
653 0 |a PLANT DEFENSE 
653 0 |a PLANT FUNGUS INTERACTION 
653 0 |a PLANT GROWTH 
653 0 |a PLANT HERBIVORE INTERACTION 
653 0 |a POACEAE 
653 0 |a RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI 
653 0 |a SALICYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER 
653 0 |a TALL FESCUE 
653 0 |a TERPENE 
653 0 |a TERPENOID DERIVATIVE 
653 0 |a UNCLASSIFIED DRUG 
653 0 |a VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 
700 1 |a Li, Tao  |9 72774 
700 1 |a Blande, James D.  |9 72775 
700 1 |9 28667  |a Gundel, Pedro Emilio 
700 1 |a Helander, Marjo  |9 67617 
700 1 |a Saikkonen, Kari  |9 67620 
773 |t Plos One  |g vol.9, no.6 (2014), p.1-11 
856 |u http://ri.agro.uba.ar/files/download/articulo/2014li.pdf  |i En internet  |q application/pdf  |f 2014li  |x MIGRADOS2018 
856 |u http://www.plosone.org/  |x MIGRADOS2018  |z LINK AL EDITOR 
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900 |a 10.1371/journal.pone.0101331 
900 |a ^tEpichloë endophytes alter inducible indirect defences in host grasses 
900 |a ^aLi^bT. 
900 |a ^aBlande^bJ.D. 
900 |a ^aGundel^bP.E. 
900 |a ^aHelander^bM. 
900 |a ^aSaikkonen^bK. 
900 |a ^aLi^bT. 
900 |a ^aBlande^bJ. D. 
900 |a ^aGundel^bP. E. 
900 |a ^aHelander^bM. 
900 |a ^aSaikkonen^bK. 
900 |a Li, T. Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland 
900 |a Blande, J.D. Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland 
900 |a Gundel, P.E. Plant Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland 
900 |a Gundel, P.E. Cátedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía [UBA], IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina 
900 |a Helander, M. Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 
900 |a Saikkonen, K. Plant Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland 
900 |a ^tPLoS ONE^cPLoS ONE 
900 |a eng 
900 |a e101331 
900 |a ^i 
900 |a Vol. 9, no. 6 
900 |a 1 OCTEN 3 OL 
900 |a 3 HEXEN 1 OL 
900 |a 3 HEXEN 1 OL ACETATE 
900 |a 6 METHYL 5 HEPTEN 2 ONE 
900 |a ALPHA TERPINOLENE 
900 |a BETA PHELLANDRENE 
900 |a CARYOPHYLLENE 
900 |a COMPARATIVE STUDY 
900 |a CONTROLLED STUDY 
900 |a ENDOPHYTE 
900 |a ENDOSYMBIOSIS 
900 |a EPICHLOE 
900 |a EPICHLOE COENOPHIALA 
900 |a EPICHLOE UNCINATA 
900 |a FESTUCA PRATENSIS 
900 |a GRASS 
900 |a GROWTH INHIBITION 
900 |a HERBIVORY 
900 |a HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION 
900 |a LEAF DAMAGE 
900 |a LIMONENE 
900 |a LINALOOL 
900 |a MYRCENE 
900 |a NONHUMAN 
900 |a OCIMENE 
900 |a PEST POPULATION 
900 |a PINENE 
900 |a PLANT DEFENSE 
900 |a PLANT FUNGUS INTERACTION 
900 |a PLANT GROWTH 
900 |a PLANT HERBIVORE INTERACTION 
900 |a POACEAE 
900 |a RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI 
900 |a SALICYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER 
900 |a TALL FESCUE 
900 |a TERPENE 
900 |a TERPENOID DERIVATIVE 
900 |a UNCLASSIFIED DRUG 
900 |a VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 
900 |a Epichloë endophytes are common symbionts living asymptomatically in pooid grasses and may provide chemical defences against herbivorous insects. While the mechanisms underlying these fungal defences have been well studied, it remains unknown whether endophyte presence affects the host's own defences. We addressed this issue by examining variation in the impact of Epichloë on constitutive and herbivore-induced emissions of volatile organic compounds [VOC], a well-known indirect plant defence, between two grass species, Schedonorus phoenix [ex. Festuca arundinacea; tall fescue] and Festuca pratensis [meadow fescue]. We found that feeding by a generalist aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi, induced VOC emissions by uninfected plants of both grass species but to varying extents, while mechanical wounding failed to do so in both species after one day of damage. Interestingly, regardless of damage treatment, Epichloë uncinata-infected F. pratensis emitted significantly lower quantities of VOCs than their uninfected counterparts. In contrast, Epichloë coenophiala-infected S. phoenix did not differ from their uninfected counterparts in constitutive VOC emissions but tended to increase VOC emissions under intense aphid feeding. A multivariate analysis showed that endophyte status imposed stronger differences in VOC profiles of F. pratensis than damage treatment, while the reverse was true for S. phoenix . Additionally, both endophytes inhibited R. padi population growth as measured by aphid dry biomass, with the inhibition appearing greater in E. uncinata-infected F. pratensis. Our results suggest, not only that Epichloë endophytes may play important roles in mediating host VOC responses to herbivory, but also that the magnitude and direction of such responses may vary with the identity of the Epichloë-grass symbiosis. Whether Epichloë-mediated host VOC responses will eventually translate into effects on higher trophic levels merits future investigation. 
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900 |a http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903643318&partnerID=40&md5=0b43a66c3b736bcdf7818b6482b74af6 
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