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|a McSween, Harry Y.
|9 15654
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| 245 |
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|a Geochemistry :
|b pathways and processes /
|c Harry Y. McSween, Steven M. Richardson and Maria E. Uhle
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| 250 |
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|a 2nd ed.
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| 260 |
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|a New York :
|b Columbia University Press,
|c 2003
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| 300 |
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|a 363 p. :
|b tbls., grafs.
|c 24 cm.
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| 505 |
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|a 1. INTRODUCING CONCEPTS IN GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. What Is Geochemistry? -- Historical Overview -- Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry -- Geochemical Variables -- Geochemical Systems -- Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches -- Notes on Problem Solving -- 2. HOW ELEMENTS BEHAVE. Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter -- Elements and the Periodic Table -- The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes -- The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud -- Size, Charge, and Stability -- Elemental Associations -- Bonding -- Perspectives on Bonding -- Structural Implications of Bonding -- Retrospective on Bonding -- 3. A FIRST LOOK AT THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. Temperature and Equations of State -- Work -- The First Law of Thermodynamics -- Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics -- Entropy and Disorder -- Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful -- Auxiliary Functions of State -- Enthalpy -- The Helmholtz Function -- Gibbs Free Energy -- Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and S -- Composition as a Variable -- Components -- Changes in E, H, F, and G Due to Composition -- Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium -- The Gibbs-Duhem Equation -- 4. HOW TO HANDLE SOLUTIONS. What Is a Solution? -- Crystalline Solid Solutions -- Amorphous Solid Solutions -- Melt Solutions -- Electrolyte Solutions -- Gas Mixtures -- Solutions That Behave Ideally -- Solutions That Behave Nonideally -- Activity in Electrolyte Solutions -- The Mean Salt Method -- The Debye-Hückel Method -- Solubility -- The Ionic Strength Effect -- The Common Ion Effect -- Complex Species -- 5. DIAGENESIS: A STUDY IN KINETICS. What Is Diagenesis? -- Kinetic Factors in Diagenesis -- Diffusion -- Advection -- Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation -- The Diagenetic Equation – 6. ORGANIC MATTER AND BIOMARKERS: A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE. Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle -- Organic Matter Production and Cycling in the Oceans -- Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis -- Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation -- Preservation by Sorption -- Degradation in Oxic Environments -- Diagenetic Alteration -- Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors -- Carbohydrates -- Proteins -- Lipids -- Lignin -- Biomarkers -- Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions -- Alkenone Temperature Records -- Amino Acid Racemization -- 7. CHEMICAL WEATHERING: DISSOLUTION AND REDOX PROCESSES. Fundamental Solubility Equilibria -- Silica Solubility -- Solubility of Magnesian Silicates -- Solubility of Gibbsite -- Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals -- Rivers as Weathering Indicators -- Agents of Weathering -- Carbon Dioxide -- Organic Acids -- Oxidation-Reduction Processes -- Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems -- Eh-pH Diagrams -- Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide -- Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View – 8.THE OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM. Composition of the Oceans -- A Classification of Dissolved Constituents -- Chemical Variations with Depth -- Composition of the Atmosphere -- Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act -- Some First Principles -- Calcium Carbonate Solubility -- Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary -- Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans -- Examining the Steady State -- How Does the Steady State Evolve? -- Box Models -- Continuum Models -- A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models -- Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air -- Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere -- The Rise of Oxygen -- 9. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CHANGES: THERMODYNAMICS AGAIN. What Does Equilibrium Really Mean? -- Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium -- The Phase Rule -- Open versus Closed Systems -- Changing Temperature and Pressure -- Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity -- Pressure Changes and Compressibility -- Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined -- A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation -- Reactions Involving Fluids -- Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws: Mixing of Several Components -- Standard States and Activity Coefficients -- Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures -- Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned – 10. PICTURING EQUILIBRIA: PHASE DIAGRAMS. G ¯-X2 Diagrams -- Derivation of T-X2 and P-X2 Diagrams -- T-X2 Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems -- Simple Crystallization in a Binary System: CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2Si2O8 -- Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi2O6-SiO2 -- Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8- CaAl2Si2O8 -- Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8 -- Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams -- Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids -- P-T Diagrams -- Systems with Three Components -- 11. KINETICS AND CRYSTALLIZATION. Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes -- Diffusion -- Nucleation -- Nucleation in Melts -- Nucleation in Solids -- Growth -- Interface-Controlled Growth -- Diffusion-Controlled Growth -- Some Applications of Kinetics -- Aragonite Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step -- Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step -- Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments -- Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions – 12. THE SOLID EARTH AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM. Reservoirs in the Solid Earth -- Composition of the Crust -- Composition of the Mantle -- Composition of the Core -- Fluxes in the Solid Earth -- Cycling between Crust and Mantle -- Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core -- Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust -- Melting in the Mantle -- Thermodynamic Effects of Melting -- Types of Melting Behavior -- Causes of Melting -- Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems -- Fractional Crystallization -- Chemical Variation Diagrams -- Liquid Immiscibility -- The Behavior of Trace Elements -- Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization -- Compatible and Incompatible Elements -- Volatile Elements -- Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions -- Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids -- Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle -- 13. USING STABLE ISOTOPES. Historical Perspective - What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful? -- Mass Fractionation and Bond Strength -- Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation -- Thermometry -- Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans -- Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle -- Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems -- Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins -- Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds -- Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps -- 14. USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES. Principles of Radioactivity -- Nuclide Stability -- Decay Mechanisms -- Rate of Radioactive Decay -- Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium -- Geochronology -- Potassium-Argon System -- Rubidium-Strontium System -- Samarium-Neodymium System -- Uranium-Thorium-Lead System -- Extinct Radionuclides -- Fission Tracks -- Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity -- Neutron Activation Analysis -- 40Argon-39Argon Geochronology -- Cosmic-Ray Exposure -- Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes -- Heterogeneity of the Earth’s Mantle -- Magmatic Assimilation -- Subduction of Sediments -- Isotopic Composition of the Oceans -- Degassing of the Earth’s Interior to Form the Atmosphere -- 15. STRETCHING OUR HORIZONS: COSMOCHEMISTRY. Why Study Cosmochemistry? -- Origin and Abundance of the Elements -- Nucleosynthesis in Stars -- Cosmic Abundance Patterns -- Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data -- Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements -- Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior -- Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites -- Condensation of the Elements -- How Equilibrium Condensation Works -- The Condensation Sequence -- Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites -- Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System -- Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites -- A Supernova Trigger? -- The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites -- The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices -- Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds -- Ices—The Only Thing Left -- A Time Scale for Creation -- Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets -- Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models -- The Equilibrium Condensation Model -- The Heterogeneous Accretion Model -- The Chondrite Mixing Model -- Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles – Appendix A: Mathematical Methods -- Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data -- Appendix C: Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest.
|
| 650 |
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|a Geología
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|a Geoquímica
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|a Richardson, Steven M.
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|a Uhle, Maria E.
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