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|a 9780393924671
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|a WAA
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|a spa
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|a van der Pluij, Ben A.
|9 15973
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|a Earth structure /
|c Ben A. van der Pluij
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| 250 |
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|a 2nd ed.
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| 260 |
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|a New York :
|b Norton,
|c 2004.
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| 300 |
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|a 656 p. :
|b il., grafs. fot. ;
|c 28 cm.
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| 500 |
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|a Incluye índice analítico.
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|a PART A FUNDAMENTALS. 1. Overview -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Classification of Geologic Structures -- 1.3. Stress, Strain, and Deformation -- 1.4. Structural Analysis and Scales of Observation -- 1.5. Some Guidelines for Structural Interpretation -- 2. Primary and Nontectonic Structures. 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Sedimentary Structures -- 2.2.1. The Use of Bedding in Structural Analysis -- 2.2.2. Graded Beds and Cross Beds -- 2.2.3. Surface Markings -- 2.2.4. Disrupted Bedding -- 2.2.5. Conformable and Unconformable Contacts -- 2.2.6. Compaction and Diagenetic Structures -- 2.2.7. Penecontemporaneous Structures -- 2.3. Salt Structures -- 2.3.1. Why Halokinesis Occurs -- 2.3.2. Geometry of Salt Structures and Associated Processes -- 2.3.3. Gravity-Driven Faulting and Folding -- 2.3.4. Practical Importance of Salt Structures -- 2.4. Igneous Structures -- 2.4.1. Structures Associated with Sheet Intrusions -- 2.4.2. Structures Associated with Plutons -- 2.4.3. Structures Associated with Extrusion -- 2.4.4. Cooling Fractures -- 2.5. Impact Structures -- 3. Force and Stress. 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Units and Fundamental Quantities -- 3.3. Force -- 3.4. Stress -- 3.5. Two-Dimensional Stress: Normal Stress and Shear Stress -- 3.6. Three-Dimensional Stress: Principal Planes and Principal Stresses -- 3.6.1. Stress at a Point -- 3.6.2. The Components of Stress -- 3.6.3. Stress States -- 3.7. Deriving Some Stress Relationships -- 3.8. Mohr Diagram for Stress -- 3.8.1. Constructing the Mohr Diagram -- 3.8.2. Some Common Stress States -- 3.9. Mean Stress and Deviation Stress -- 3.10. The Stress Tensor -- 3.11. A Brief Summary of Stress -- 3.12. Stress Trajectories and Stress Fields -- 3.13. Methods of Stress Measurement -- 3.13.1. Present-Day Stress -- 3.13.2. Paleostress -- 3.13.3. Stress in Earth -- 4. Deformation and Strain. 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Deformation and Strain -- 4.3. Homogenous Strain and the Strain Ellipsoid -- 4.4. Strain Path -- 4.5. Coaxial and Non-Coaxial Strain Accumulation -- 4.6. Superimposed Strain -- 4.7. Strain Quantities -- 4.7.1. Longitudinal Strain -- 4.7.2. Volumetric Strain -- 4.7.3. Angular Strain -- 4.7.4. Other Strain Quantities -- 4.8. The Mohr Circle for Strain -- 4..9 Strain States -- 4.10. Representation of Strain -- 4.10.1. Orientation -- 4.10.2. Shape and Intensity -- 4.11. Finite Strain Measurement -- 4.11.1. What Are We Really Measuring in Strain Analysis -- 4.11.2. Initially Spherical Objects -- 4.11.3. Initially Nonspherical Objects -- 4.11.3.1. Center-to-Center Method -- 4.11.3.2. Rf/Φmethod -- 4.11.4. Objects with Known Angular Relationships or Lengths -- 4.11.4.1. Angular Changes -- 4.11.4.2. Length Changes -- 4.11.5. Rock Textures and Other Strain Guages -- 4.11.6. What Do We Learn from Strain Analysis? -- 5. Rheology. 5.1. Introduction -- 5.1.1. Strain Rate -- 5.2. General Behavior: The Creep Curve -- 5.3. Rheologic Relationships -- 5.3.1. Elastic Behavior -- 5.3.2. Viscous Behavior -- 5.3.3. Visoelastic Behavior -- 5.3.4. Elastico-Viscous Behavior -- 5.3.5. General Linear Behavior -- 5.3.6. Nonlinear Behavior -- 5.4. Adventures with Natural Rocks -- 5.4.1. The Deformation Apparatus -- 5.4.2. Confining Pressure - 5.4.3. Temperature -- 5.4.4. Strain Rate -- 5.4.5. Pore-Fluid Pressure -- 5.4.6. Work Hardening—Work Softening -- 5.4.7. Significance of Experiments to Natural Conditions -- PART B. BRITTLE STRUCTURES. 6. Brittle Deformation. 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Vocabulary of Brittle Deformation -- 6.3. What is Brittle Deformation? -- 6.4. Tensile Cracking -- 6.4.1. Stress Concentration and Griffith Cracks -- 6.4.2. Exploring Tensile Crack Development -- 6.4.3. Modes of Crack-Surface Displacement -- 6.5. Processes of Brittle Faulting -- 6.5.1. Slip by Growth of Fault-Parallel Veins -- 6.5.2. Cataclasis and Cataclastic Flow -- 6.6. Formation of Shear Fractures -- 6.7. Predicting Initiation of Brittle Deformation -- 6.7.1. Tensile Cracking Criteria -- 6.7.2. Shear-Fracture Criteria and Failure Envelopes -- 6.8. Frictional Sliding -- 6.8.1. Frictional Sliding Criteria -- 6.8.2. Will New Fractures Form or Will Existing Fractures Slide? -- 6.9. Effect of Environmental Factors in Failure -- 6.9.1. Effect of Fluids on Tensile Crack Growth -- 6.9.2. Effect of Dimensions on Tensile Strength -- 6.9.3. Effect of Pore Pressure on Shear Failure and Frictional Sliding -- 6.9.4. Effect of Intermediate Principal Stress on Shear Rupture -- 7. Joints and Veins. 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Surface Morphology of Joints -- 7.2.1. Plumose Structure -- 7.2.2. Why Does Plumose Structure Form? -- 7.2.3. Twist Hackle -- 7.3. Joint Arrays -- 7.3.1. Systematic versus Nonsystematic Joints -- 7.3.2. Joint Sets and Joint Systems -- 7.3.3. Cross-Cutting Relations Between Joints -- 7.3.4. Joint Spacing in Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.4. Joint Studies in the Field -- 7.4.1. Dealing with Field Data About Joints -- 7.5. Origin and Interpretation of Joints -- 7.5.1. Joints Related to Uplift and Unroofing -- 7.5.2. Formation of Sheeting Joints -- 7.5.3. Natural Hydraulic Fracturing -- 7.5.4. Joints Related to Regional Deformation -- 7.5.5. Orthogonal Joint Systems -- 7.5.6. Conjugate Joint Systems -- 7.5.7. Joint Trend as Paleostress Trajectory -- 7.6. Limits on Joint Growth -- 7.7. Veins and Vein Arrays -- 7.7.1. Formation of Vein Arrays -- 7.7.2. Vein Fill: Blocky and Fibrous Veins -- 7.7.3. Interpretation of Fibrous Veins -- 7.8. Lineaments -- 8. Faults and Faulting. 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Fault Geometry and Displacement -- 8.2.1. Basic Vocabulary -- 8.2.2. Representation of Faults on Maps and Cross Sections -- 8.2.3. Fault Separation and Determination of Net Slip -- 8.2.4. Fault Bends -- 8.2.5. Fault Terminations and Fault Length -- 8.3. Characteristics of Faults and Fault Zones -- 8.3.1. Brittle Fault Rocks -- 8.3.2. Slickensides and Slip Lineations -- 8.3.3. Subsidiary Fault and Fracture Geometries -- 8.3.4. Fault-Related Folding -- 8.3.5. Shear-Sense Indicators of Brittle Faults -- 8.4. Recognizing and Interpreting Faults -- 8.4.1. Recognition of Faults from Subsurface Data -- 8.4.2. Changes in Fault Character with Depth -- 8.5. Relation of Faulting to Stress -- 8.5.1. Formation of Listric Faults -- 8.5.2. Fluids and Faulting -- 8.5.3. Stress and Faulting -- 8.6. Fault Systems -- 8.6.1. Geometric Classification of Fault Arrays -- 8.6.2. Normal Fault systems -- 8.6.3. Reverse Fault Systems -- 8.6.4. Strike-Slip Fault Systems -- 8.6.5. Inversion of Fault Systems -- 8.6.6. Fault Systems and Paleostress -- 8.7. Faulting and Society -- 8.7.1. Faulting and Resources -- 8.7.2. Faulting and Earthquakes -- PART C. DUCTILE STRUCTURES. 9. Ductile Deformation Processes. 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Cataclastic Flow -- 9.3. Crystal Defects -- 9.3.1. Point Defects -- 9.3.2. Line Defects or Dislocations -- 9.4. Crystal Plasticity --9.4.1. Dislocation Glide -- 9.4.2. Cross-Slip and Climb -- 9.4.3. Mechanical Twinning -- 9.4.4. Strain-Producing versus Rate-Controlling Mechanisms -- 9.4.5. Where Do Dislocations Come From? -- 9.5. Diffusional Mass Transfer -- 9.5.1. Volume Diffusion and Grain-Boundary Diffusion -- 9.5.2. Pressure Solution -- 9.6. Constitutive Equations or Flow Laws -- 9.7. A Microstructural View of Laboratory Behavior -- 9.8. Imaging Dislocations -- 9.9. Deformation Microstructures -- 9.9.1. Recovery -- 9.9.2. Recrystallization -- 9.9.3. Mechanisms of Recrystallization -- 9.9.4. Superplastic Creep -- 9.10. Deformation Mechanism Maps -- 9.10.1. How to Construct a Deformation Mechanism Map -- 9.10.2. A Note of Caution -- Appendix. Dislocation Decoration. 10. Folds and Folding. 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Anatomy of a Folded Surface -- 10.2.1. Fold Facing: Antiform, Synform, Anticline, and Syncline -- 10.3. Fold Classification -- 10.3.1. Fold Orientation -- 10.3.2. Fold Shape in Profile -- 10.4. Fold Systems -- 10.4.1. The Enveloping Surface -- 10.4.2. Folds Symmetry and Fold Vergence -- 10.5. Some Special Fold Geometries -- 10.6. Superposed Folding -- 10.6.1. The Priciple of Fold Superposition -- 10.6.2. Fold Interference Patterns -- 10.6.3. Fold Style -- 10.6.4. A Few Philosophical Points -- 10.7. The Mechanics of Folding -- 10.7.1. Passive Folding and Active Folding -- 10.7.2. Buckle Folds -- 10.7.3. Folded Multilayers -- 10.8. Kinematic Models of Folding -- 10.8.1. Flexural Slip/Flow Folding -- 10.8.2. Neutral-Surface Folding -- 10.8.3. Shear Folding -- 10.8.4. Fold Shape Modification -- 10.8.5. A Natural Example -- 10.9. A Possible Sequence of Events -- 11. Fabrics: Foliations and Lineations. 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Fabric Terminology -- 11.3. Foliations -- 11.3.1. What is Cleavage? -- 11.3.2. Disjunctive Cleavage -- 11.3.3. Pencil Cleavage -- 11.3.4. Slaty Cleavage -- 11.3.5. Phyllitic Cleavage and Schistosity -- 11.3.6. Crenulation Cleavage -- 11.3.7. Gneissic Layering and Migmatization -- 11.3.8. Mylonitic Foliation -- 11.4. Cleavage and Strain -- 11.5. Foliations in Folds and Fault Zones -- 11.6. Lineations -- 11.6.1. Form Lineations -- 11.6.2. Surface Lineations -- 11.6.3. Mineral Lineations -- 11.6.4. Tectonic Interpretation of Lineations -- 11.7. Other Physical Properties of Fabrics -- 12. Ductile Shear Zones, Textures, and Transposition. 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Mylonites -- 12.2.1. Type Mylonites -- 12.3. Shear-Sense Indicators -- 12.3.1. Plane of Observation -- 12.3.2. Grain-Tail Complexes -- 12.3.3. Fractured Grains and Mica Fish -- 12.3.4. Foliations: C-S and C-C′ Structures -- 12.3.5. A Summary of Shear-Sense Indicators -- 12.4. Strain in Shear Zones -- 12.4.1. Rotated Grains -- 12.4.2. Deflected Foliations -- 12.5. Textures or Crystallographic-Preferred Fabrics -- 12.5.1. The Symmetry Principle -- 12.5.2. Textures as Shear-Sense Indicators -- 12.6. Fold Transposition -- 12.6.1. Sheath Folds -- 13. Deformation, Metamorphism, and Time. 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Field Observations and Study Goals -- 13.3. Pressure and Temperature -- 13.3.1. Status Report I -- 13.4.
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| 650 |
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0 |
|a Geología
|9 1052
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| 650 |
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0 |
|a Tectónica
|9 10991
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| 650 |
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0 |
|a Geodinámica
|9 1050
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| 700 |
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|a Marshak, Stephen
|9 15974
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| 942 |
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