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|a Flügel, Erik
|9 14487
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|a Microfacies of carbonate rocks :
|b analysis, interpretation and application /
|c Erik Flügel
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| 250 |
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|a 2nd ed.
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|a Berlin :
|b Springer,
|c 2010
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|a 984 p. :
|b il., tbls., fot. ;
|c 27 cm +
|e CD-ROM
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|a Incluye índice analítico
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|a 1. New Perspectives in Microfacies. 1.1. The Microfacies Concept -- 1.2. New Perspectives -- 2. Carbonate Depositional Environments. 2.1. Introduction -- 2.1.1. Carbonates are Born not Made -- 2.1.2. The ‘Sorby Principle’: Limestones are Predominantly Biogenic Sediments -- 2.1.3. Modern Carbonates: Obligatory Reading -- 2.2. Carbonate Sediments Originate on Land and in the Sea -- 2.3 Classification of Marine Environments -- 2.3.1 Boundary Levels -- 2.3.2 Vertical and Horizontal Zonations -- 2.3.2.1 Vertical Zonations -- 2.3.2.2 Horizontal Zonations -- 2.4 Review of Modern Carbonate Depositional Environments -- 2.4.1 Non-Marine Carbonate Environments -- 2.4.1.1 Pedogenic Carbonates, Paleosols, and Caliche/Calcretes -- 2.4.1.2 Palustrine Carbonates -- 2.4.1.3 Cave Carbonates, Speleothems and Karst -- 2.4.1.5 Glacial Carbonates -- 2.4.1.6 Travertine, Calcareous Tufa and Calcareous Sinter -- 2.4.1.7 Lacustrine Carbonates: Lakes -- 2.4.1.8 Fluvial Carbonates -- 2.4.2 Transitional Marginal-Marine Environments: Shorelines and Peritidal Sediments -- 2.4.2.1 Beach (Foreshore), Barriers and Coastal Lagoons -- .4.2.2 Peritidal Environments -- 2.4.3 Shallow-Marine Sedimentary Environments: ‘Shallow’ and ‘Deep’ -- 2.4.3.1 Pericontinental vs Epicontinental Shallow Seas -- 2.4.3.2 Carbonate Shelves, Ramps and Platforms -- 2.4.3.3 Shelf Margins -- 2.4.3.4 Reefs -- 2.4.4 Tropical and Non-Tropical Carbonates: Different in Composition, Controls and Significance -- 2.4.4.1 Latitudinal Zonation and Diagnostic Criteria of Tropical and Non-Tropical Carbonates -- 2.4.4.2 Tropical and Subtropical Shallow-Marine Carbonates -- 2.4.4.3 Non-Tropical Shelf and Reef Carbonates -- 2.4.5 Deep-Marine Environments -- 2.4.5.1 Settings -- 2.4.5.2 Sedimentation Processes -- 2.4.5.3 Pelagic Sedimentation -- 2.4.5.4 Resedimentation (‘Allochthonous Carbonates’) -- 2.4.5.5 Carbonate Plankton and Carbonate Oozes -- 2.4.5.6 Preservation Potential and Dissolution Levels -- 2.4.5.7 Carbonate Slopes, Periplatform Carbonates and Caronate Aprons -- 2.4.6 Seep and Vent Carbonates --
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|a Microfacies Analysis. 3 Methods -- 3.1 Field Work and Sampling -- 3.1.1 Field Observations -- 3.1.1.1 Lithology, Texture and Rock Colors -- 3.1.1.2 Bedding and Stratification, Sedimentary Structures and Diagenetic Features -- 3.1.1.3 Fossils and Biogenic Structures -- 3.1.1.4 Field Logs and Compositional Logs -- 3.1.2 Sampling -- 3.1.2.1 Search Sampling and Statistical Sampling -- 3.1.2.2 How Many Samples? -- 3.1.2.3 Practical Advice for Microfacies Sampling -- 3.2 Laboratory Work: Techniques -- 3.2.1 Slices, Peels and Thin Sections -- 3.2.2 Casts, Etching and Staining -- 3.2.3 Microscopy -- 3.2.3.1 Petrographic Microscopy -- 3.2.3.2 Stereoscan Microscopy -- 3.2.3.3 Fluorescence, Cathodoluminescence and Fluid Inclusion Microscopy -- 3.2.4 Mineralogy and Geochemistry -- 3.2.5 Trace Elements and Stable Isotope Analysis -- 4 Microfacies Data: Matrix and Grains -- 4.1 Fine-Grained Carbonate Matrix: Micrite, Microspar, Calcisiltite -- 4.1.1 Micrite -- 4.1.2 Modes of Formation of Micrite and Other Fine-Grained Matrix Types -- 4.1.3 Microspar -- 4.1.4 Calcisiltite -- 4.1.5 Practical Aids in Describing and Interpreting Fine-Grained Limestones -- 4.1.6 Significance of Fine-Grained Carbonates -- 4.2 Carbonate Grains -- 4.2.1 Bioclasts (Skeletal Grains) -- 4.2.2 Peloids: Just a Term of Ignorance? -- 4.2.3 Cortoids – Carbonate Grains Characterized by Micrite Envelope -- 4.2.4 Oncoids and Rhodoids -- 4.2.4.1 Oncoids -- 4.2.4.2 Rhodoids and Macroids -- 4.2.5 Ooids -- 4.2.6 Pisoids and Vadoids – Simply ‘Larger Ooids’ or Carbonate Grains on their Own? -- 4.2.7 Aggregate Grains: Grapestones, Lumps and Other Composite Grains -- 4.2.8 Resediments: Intra-, Extra- and Lithoclasts – Insiders and Foreigners -- 4.2.8.1 Intraclasts: Origin and Facies-Diagnostic Types -- 4.2.8.2 Extraclasts: Strange Foreigners -- 4.3 Morphometry of Carbonate Grains -- 4.3.1 Intentions and Methods -- 4.3.2 Significance of Morphometric Data for Carbonate Grains -- 5 Microfacies Data: Fabrics -- 5.1 Depositional and Diagenetic Fabrics -- 5.1.1 Geopetal Fabrics -- 5.1.2 Biofabrics and Grain Orientation -- 5.1.3 Bedding and Lamination Fabrics -- 5.1.4 Burrowing and Bioturbation Fabrics -- 5.1.5 Birdseyes, Fenestral Fabrics and Stromatactis -- 5.1.5.1 Birdseyes -- 5.1.5.2 Fenestral Fabrics -- 5.1.5.3 Stromatactis -- 5.1.5.4 Significance of Birdseyes, Fenestral Fabrics and Stromatactis -- 5.1.6 Nodular Fabrics -- 5.2 Discontinuity Surfaces: From Microfacies to Sequence Stratigraphy -- 5.2.1 Classification of Discontinuities -- 5.2.2 Major Criteria of Discontinuities -- 5.2.3 Microfacies Criteria and Significance of Exposure Surfaces -- 5.2.4 Microfacies Criteria and Significance of Condensation Surfaces and Hardgrounds -- 5.2.4.1 Hardgrounds -- 5.2.4.2 Condensation Surfaces and Condensed Sections -- 5.2.5 Discontinuities and Sequence Stratigraphy -- 5.3 Syn- and Postdepositional Features: Fissures, Veins, Breccias -- 5.3.1 Sediment-Filled Fissures: Neptunian Dikes and Fissure Fills -- 5.3.1.1 Origin, Development and Filling of Sedimentary Fissures -- 5.3.1.2 Microfacies Analysis of Neptunian Dikes -- 5.3.1.3 Case Studies of Neptunian Dikes in Carbonates -- 5.3.1.4 Significance of Sediment-Filled Fissures -- 5.3.2 Microfractures and Veins (Calcite Veins) -- 5.3.2.1 Origin and Classification of Calcite Veins -- 5.3.2.2 Descriptive Criteria of Calcite-Filled Microfractures -- 5.3.2.3 Significance of Microfractures in Carbonate Rocks -- 5.3.3 Carbonate Breccias and Conglomerates -- 5.3.3.1 Terminology -- 5.3.3.2 How to Describe Carbonate Breccias? -- 5.3.3.3 Carbonate Breccia Types: Origin, Classification, Criteria -- 5.3.3.4 Carbonate Conglomerates -- 5.3.3.5 Significance of Carbonate Breccias and Conglomerates -- 6 Quantitative Microfacies Analysis -- 6.1 Grain-Size Analysis -- 6.1.1 Grain-Size Analysis: Methods and Aims -- 6.1.1.1 Measuring Grain Sizes and Describing Size Distributions -- 6.1.1.2 Approaches to the Environmental Interpretation of Grain-Size Data -- 6.1.1.3 Grain-Size Analysis in Thin Sections -- 6.1.2 Grain-Size Studies of Modern and Ancient Carbonates -- 6.1.2.1 Grain-Size Studies of Modern Carbonate Sediments -- 6.1.2.2 Application of Grain-Size Analyses to Carbonate Rocks -- 6.1.2.3 Significance of Grain-Size Studies of Carbonate Rocks -- 6.2 Frequency Analysis of Microfacies Data -- 6.2.1 Methods of Frequency Analyses -- 6.2.1.1 Counting -- 6.2.1.2 Estimating -- 6.2.1.3 Image Analysis -- 6.2.1.4 Constituent Ranking, Diversity and Maturity -- 6.2.1.5 Integrated Frequency Studies of Reef Carbonates -- 6.2.2 Practical Advice -- 6.3 Multivariate Microfacies Studies - 6.3.1 Methods: Variations between Constituents and between Samples -- 6.3.2 Significance of Multivariate Studies: Constituent Analysis as a Clue to Environmental Conditions and Depositional Settings -- 7 Diagenesis, Porosity, and Dolomitization -- 7.1 Carbonate Mineralogy and Diagenetic Processes -- 7.1.1 Modern Carbonate Sediments and Ancient Carbonate Rocks -- 7.1.2 Common Carbonate Minerals -- 7.1.3 Diagenetic Processes and Controls -- 7.1.4 From Soft Sediments to Hard Rocks -- 7.1.5 Oscillating Trends in Phanerozoic Carbonate Mineralogy -- 7.1.5.1 Secular Variations -- 7.1.5.2 How to Recognize Former Aragonite and Mg-Calcite Mineralogy in Ancient Low-Calcite Limestones? -- 7.2 Major Diagenetic Environments -- 7.2.1 Meteoric, Marine and Burial Diagenesis -- 7.2.1.1 Meteoric (Freshwater) Diagenesis -- 7.2.1.2 Mixing Zone and Marine Vadose Environment -- 7.2.1.3 Marine Diagenesis -- 7.2.1.4 Burial Diagenesis -- 7.2.2 Early and Late Diagenesis -- 7.3 Porosity of Carbonate Rocks -- 7.3.1 Porosity Categories, Pore Geometry and Permeability -- 7.3.1.1 Basic Definitions -- 7.3.1.2 Pore Geometry and Permeability -- 7.3.1.3 Porosity Measurements and Pore Types in Thin Sections -- 7.3.2 Porosity Terminology and Classification -- 7.3.3 Porosity in Limestones and Dolomites -- 7.4 Pore-Filling Processes: Cementation -- 7.4.1 Controls on Carbonate Cementation -- 7.4.2 Morphology and Fabrics of Cement Types -- 7.4.2.1 Cement Types -- 7.4.2.2 Cement Fabrics -- 7.4.3 Cement Types and Diagenetic Environments -- 7.4.4 Facies-Controlled Diagenesis -- 7.4.4.1 Carbonate Platforms and Ramps -- 7.4.4.2 Reefs -- 7.4.4.3 Cold-Water vs. Warm-Water Diagenesis -- 7.4.5 Diagenetic Pathways and Patterns -- 7.5 Diagenetic Textures - 7.5.1 Mechanical Processes: Compaction -- 7.5.2 Chemical Processes: Pressure Solution and Stylolitization -- 7.5.3 Significance of Compaction and Pressure Solution -- 7.6 Neomorphic Processes: Alteration and Recrystallization -- 7.6 1 Recrystallized Carbonate Rocks: What to do? -- 7.6.2 How to describe Recrystallized Carbonate Rocks? - 7.7 Sparite: Recrystallization Product or Carbonate Cement? -- 7.8 Dolomitization and Dedolomitization -- 7.8.1 Descriptive Criteria and Terminology of Dolomite Fabrics -- 7.8.1.1 Thin-Section Description and Terminology of Dolomite Rocks -- 7.8.1.2 Dolomite Cement -- 7.8.1.3 Value of Dolomite Textures -- 7.8.2 Some Dolomitization Models -- 7.8.2.1 Dolomites Associated with Evaporites -- 7.8.2.2 Mixing-Water and Seawater Models -- 7.8.2.3 Subsurface Burial Dolomites -- 7.8.3 Dedolomitization -- 7.8.3.1 Textural Criteria for Recognizing Dedolomitization -- 7.8.3.2 Origin of Dedolomite -- 7.8.3.3 Significance of Dedolomitization -- 7.9 Metamorphic Carbonate and Marbles -- 8 Classification – A Name for Your Sample -- 8.1 Basic Concepts -- 8.2 Reef Limestones and Microbial Carbonates (Autochthonous Carbonates) -- 8.3 Classifications Based on Depositional Texture -- 8.3.1 Prerequisites -- 8.3.2 Original and Expanded Dunham Classification -- 8.3.2.1 Concepts -- 8.3.2.2 Discussion -- 8.3.2 Original and Expanded Folk Classification -- 8.3.2.1 Concepts -- 8.3.2.2 Discussion -- 8.4 Specific Classifications -- 8.4.1 Diagenetic Changes in Depositional Textures -- 8.4.2 Some Nonmarine Carbonates Need very Specific Names -- 8.5 Classification of Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Rocks -- 8.6 A Name for Your Samples: Some Practical Advice -- 9 Limestones are Biological Sediments -- 9.1 Microbial Carbonates and Stromatolites -- 9.1.1 Bacterial Contribution to Carbonate Precipitation -- 9.1.2 How to Recognize Microbial Carbonates? -- 9.1.3 Describing and Classifying Benthic Microbial Carbonates -- 9.1.3.1 Terminology and Descriptive Criteria -- 9.1.3.2 Classification of Benthic Microbial Carbonates -- 9.1.4 Stromatolites are Laminated Microbialites -- 9.1.5 Occurrence and Significance of Microbialites and Stromatolites -- 9.1.5.1 Development through Time -- 9.1.5.2 Paleoenvironmental Significance of Microbial Carbonates -- 9.1.5.3 Economic Importance of Stromatolites -- 9.2 Biogenic Encrustations -- 9.2.1 Criteria and Constraints of Encrusters -- 9.2.2 Phanerozoic Encrusters -- 9.2.3 Significance of Encrustation Patterns in Recognizing Depositional Settings and Environmental Controls -- 9.3 Bioerosion, Boring and Grazing Organisms -- 9.3.1 Recent and Fossil Microborers -- 9.3.2 Recent and Fossil Macroborers -- 9.3.3 Micro- and Macroboring through Time -- 9.3.3.1 Qualitative Changes in Micro- and Macroborer Groups -- 9.3.3.2 Quantitative Changes in the Intensity of Macroboring in Coral Reefs -- 9.3.4 Microborer Associations are Proxies for Paleo-Water Depths -- 9.4 Practical Advice: How to Describe Microbialites and Stromatolites, Biogenic Encrustations and Borings? -- 10 Fossils in Thin Section: It is Not That Difficult -- 10.1 Specifics of Thin-Section Fossils -- 10.1.1 How to Determine Fossils in Thin Sections? -- 10.1.2 Which Fossils in which Time Interval? -- 10.1.3 Practical Advice -- 10.2 Diagnostic Criteria of Fossils in Thin Sections -- 10.2.1 Cyanobacteria and Calcareous Algae -- 10.2.1.1 Cyanobacteria and Calcimicrobes -- 10.2.1.2 Corallinacean and Peyssoneliacean Red Algae -- 10.2.1.3 Solenoporacean Red Algae -- 10.2.1.4 Ancestral Red Algae and Problematic Red Algae -- 10.2.1.5 Udoteacean Green Algae and Gymnocodiacean Algae --
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|a Microfacies Interpretation -- 11 Summarizing Microfacies Criteria: Microfacies Types -- 11.1 MFT Concepts -- 11.2 How to Differentiate Meaningful Microfacies Types -- 11.3 Making Microfacies Types -- 12 Recognizing Paleoenvironmental Conditions -- 12.1 Reconstructing Environmental Constraints -- 12.1.1 Hydrodynamic Controls -- 12.1.1.1 Hydrodynamic Energy Levels -- 12.1.1.2 Classifying Low-Energy and High-Energy Environments -- 12.1.1.3 Paleocurrent Data -- 12.1.2 Storms -- 12.1. 2.1 Storm Deposits (Tempestites) on Shelves, Ramps and Platforms -- 12.1.2.2 Impact of Tropical Storms on Reefs -- 12.1.2.3 Significance of Carbonate Storm Deposits -- 12.1.3 Marine Carbonate Substrates -- 12.1.3.1 Carbonate Substrate Types and Organism-Sediment Interactions -- 12.1.3.2 Recognizing Substrate Types -- 12.1.4 Light -- 12.1.4.1 Zonation and Light Conditions -- 12.1.4.2 Recognition of Photic and Aphotic Conditions -- 12.1.5 Oxygen -- 12.1.5.1 Terminology and Classification -- 12.1.5.2 Recognizing Paleo-Oxygenation -- 12.1.5.3 Case Study: Black Shale Development on a Carbonate Platform -- 12.1.6 Seawater Temperature -- 12.1.6.1 Seawater Temperature: Biotic Proxies -- 12.1.6.2 Geochemical Proxies of Seawater Temperatures -- 12.1.7 Salinity -- 12.1.7.1 Biotic and Microfacies Proxies of Paleosalinity -- 12.1.7.2 Geochemical Proxies of Paleosalinity -- 12.1.7.3 Microfacies Proxies for Hypersaline and Evaporitic Conditions -- 12.1.8 Productivity and Nutrients -- 12.1.8.1 Nutrients -- 12.1.8.2 Estimating Paleonutrient Levels -- 12.1.8.3 Effects of Nutrient Excess on Reef and Platform Carbonates -- 12.2 Estimating Paleoclimatic Conditions: Grain Association Analysis -- 12.2.1 Concepts -- 12.2.2 Practical Advice, Examples and State of Current Information -- 12.2.2.1 Distinguishing Grain Association Types -- 12.2.2.2 Examples -- 12.2.2.3 State of the Art -- 12.3 Assessing Water Depths -- 12.3.1 Hints to Paleowater Depths -- 12.3.2 Case Study: Assessing the Water Depth of a Carbonate Ramp -- 12.4 Looking for Seismic Events -- 13 Integrated Facies Analysis -- 13.1 Non-Carbonate Constituents -- 13.1.1 Insoluble Residues (IR): Clay Minerals and Detrital Quartz -- 13.1.2 Authigenic Minerals -- 13.1.2.1 Silicification of Carbonates, Authigenic Feldspar and Glauconite -- 13.1.2.2 Sulfides: Pyrite -- 13.1.2.3 Sulfates: Evaporite Minerals -- 13.1.2.4 Phosphates -- 13.2 Geochemical Proxies -- 13.2.1 Trace Elements -- 13.2.2 Strontium and Manganese - Favorite Tools for Facies Studies -- 13.2.3 Significance of Trace Elements in Facies Studies of Carbonate Rocks -- 13.2.4 Stable Isotopes -- 13.3 Organic Matter in Carbonate Rocks -- 14 Depositional Models, Facies Zones and Standard Microfacies -- 14.1 Depositional Facies Models -- 14.1.1 Conceptual, Dynamic and Computer Models -- 14.1.1.1 Conceptual Models -- 14.1.1.2 Dynamic Models -- 14.1.1.3 Numerical Models -- 14.1.2 Basic Elements of Carbonate Facies Models -- 14.1.2.1 Common Facies Belts -- 14.1.2.2 Common Depositional Patterns -- 14.1.2.3 Different Depositional Settings Require Different Facies Models -- 14.1.3 Facies Zones of Rimmed Carbonate Platforms: The Wilson Model -- 14.1.3.1 Standard Facies Zones and the Modified Wilson Model -- 14.1.3.2 Discussion and Use of Standard Facies Zones -- 14.1.4 Carbonate Ramp Model --14.1.5 Non-rimmed Shelves and Platforms -- 14.1.6 Isolated Platforms and Atolls -- 14.1.7 Epeiric Platform Model -- 14.1.8 Epeiric Ramp Model -- 14.2 Biotic Zonation Patterns -- 14.2.1 Concepts and Methods -- 14.2.2 Case Study: Foraminiferal Distribution in Late Triassic Reefs and Platforms -- 14.3 Standard Microfacies Types (SMF) -- 14.3.1 Revised Standard Microfacies Types -- 14.3.2 Discussion of Standard Microfacies Types -- 14.3.3 Stratigraphic Microfacies Types -- 14.3.4 Common Microfacies Types of Carbonate Ramps -- 14.3.4.1 Microfacies Criteria of Carbonate Ramps -- 14.3.4.2 Microfacies Types of Carbonate Ramps -- 14.3.5 Tracing Facies Zones with Microfacies Types -- 14.3.6 Determining Standard Microfacies Types: A Practical Guide -- 14.4 Dynamic Microfacies Types and Environmental Changes -- 15 Basin Analysis: Recognizing Depositional Settings -- 15.1 Pedogenic Carbonates -- 15.1.1 Microfacies Criteria of Paleocaliche -- 15.1.2 Significance of Paleocaliche and Paleosols -- 15.2 Paleokarst and Ancient Speleothems -- 15.2.1 Diagnostic Criteria of Paleokarst and Paleospeleothem Structures -- 15.2.2 Significance of Paleokarst and Cave Carbonates -- 15.3 Travertine, Calcareous Tufa and Calcareous Sinter -- 15.4 Lacustrine and Palustrine Carbonates -- 15.4.1 Microfacies of Lacustrine Carbonates -- 15.4.1.1 Microfacies Criteria -- 15.4.1.2 Microfacies Types of Lacustrine Limestones -- 15.4.1.3 Distribution of Lacustrine Microfacies Types -- 15.4.2 Palustrine Carbonates -- 15.5 Peritidal Carbonates -- 15.5.1 Criteria of Peritidal Limestones -- 15.5.1.1 Definitions -- 15.5.1.2 Major Facies Criteria of Peritidal Carbonates -- 15.5.1.3 Synopsis of Diagnostic Criteria -- 15.5.2 Case Study: Middle Devonian Peritidal Carbonates from Poland -- 15.6 Carbonate Platforms and Ramps -- 15.6.1 Ecological Controls on Platforms and Ramps -- 15.6.2 The Response of Carbonate Platforms to Drowning -- 15.6.2.1 Microfacies Signals of Drowning History -- 15.6.2.2 Case Study: Platform Drowning Reflected by Microfacies -- 15.6.3 Case Studies: Platform and Ramp Carbonates -- 15.6.3.1 A Late Jurassic Bahamian-Type Carbonate Platform from the Northern Calcareous Alps -- 15.6.3.2 A Middle Devonian Ramp from Graz, Southern Austria -- 15.6.3.3 A Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous Ramp from the Subsurface of Southern Bavaria, Germany -- 15.7 Platform-Slope-Basin Transects -- 15.7.1 Types and Composition of Carbonate Slopes -- 15.7.2 Allochthonous Slope and Basin Deposits: Diagnostic Criteria -- 15.7.2.1 Submarine Rockfalls -- 15.7.2.2 Breccias and Megabreccias -- 15.7.2.3 Debris-Flow Deposits -- 15.7.2.4 Grain-Flow Deposits -- 15.7.2.5 Turbidites -- 15.7.2.6 Sliding and Slumping -- 15.7.3 Microfacies of Slope Carbonates: Case Studies -- 15.7.3.1 Permian of Sicily: Megablocks and Base-of-Slope Carbonates -- 15.7.3.2 Triassic of the Southern Alps: Allochthonous Slope Sediments -- 15.7.3.3 Jurassic of Morocco: Platform-Slope-Basin Transect -- 15.7.3.4 Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps: Detailed Information from Limestone Turbidites on Source and Deposition Patterns -- 15.7.4 Slope Stability Reflected by Texture and Microfacies -- 15.7.5 Tracing Platform-Basin Transitions Using Grain Composition Logs -- 15.7.5.1 Concept and Methods -- 15.7.5.2 Case Study: Late Triassic of the Gosaukamm Region, Austria -- 15.8 Pelagic Deep-Marine Carbonates -- 15.8.1 Setting, Controls and Biota of Pelagic Limestones -- 15.8.2 Examples and Case Studies of Pelagic Carbonates -- 15.8.2.1 Microfacies of Paleozoic Basinal Carbonates -- 15.8.2.2 Microfacies of Mesozoic Basinal Carbonates -- 15.8.3 Contourites -- 16 Realizing Depositional Constraints and Processes -- 16.1 Cyclic Carbonates, Microfacies and Sequence Stratigraphy -- 16.1.1 Cyclic Carbonates -- 16.1.1.1 Cyclic Carbonates: Some Basics -- 16.1.1.2 Microfacies and Cyclic Carbonates -- 16.1.1.3 Case Studies: The Lofer Cycle and the Latemar Cycle (Triassic of the Alps) -- 16.1.2 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy -- 16.1.2.1 Sequence Analysis: Some Basics -- 16.1.2.2 Microfacies Data Applied to Sequence Stratigraphy -- 16.1.2.3 Case Studies: Sea-Level Fluctuations and Systems Tracts Documented by Microfacies -- 16.2 Understanding Reef Carbonates -- 16.2.1 What is a Reef? -- 16.2.2 Reef Types -- 16.2.3 Reef Fossils -- 16.2.3.1 Reef Biota: Compositional Changes during Time -- 16.2.3.2 Reef Guilds: Ecologic Units -- 16.2.4 How to Classify Reef Carbonates? -- 16.2.5 Microfacies Approach to Reef Studies -- 16.2.5.1 Basic Constituents of Reef and Mound Carbonates -- 16.2.5.2 Describing Reef Carbonates: A Practical Guide -- 16.2.6 Case Studies of Some Ancient Reefs -- 16.2.6.1 Mud Mounds: The Early Devonian ‘Kess Kess’ Mounds in the Anti-Atlas, Southern Morocco -- 16.2.6.2 Waulsortian Mud Mounds: Early Carboniferous (Lower Mississippian) Muleshoe Mound, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A -- 16.2.6.3 Reefs: The Capitan Reef, Permian Reef Complex, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas and New Mexico, U.S.A. -- 16.3 Fingerprinting Lost Platforms -- 16.3.1 Methods -- 16.3.2 Case Studies -- 16.3.2.1 Case Study: Platform Facies Patterns Derived from the Microfacies of Early Carboniferous Conglomerates (Southern Spain) -- 16.3.2.2 Case Study: Reconstruction of Paleo-Escarpments from Microfacies Data -- 16.4 Recognizing Ancient Cool-Water Carbonates -- 16.4.1 Microfacies Criteria of Non-Tropical Cold-Water Shelf and Reef Limestones -- 16.4.2 Case Study: Early Tertiary Cool-Water Coral Reef -- 16.5 Testing for Ancient Vent and Seep Carbonates -- 16.5.1 Diagnostic Criteria of Ancient Seep and Vent Carbonates -- 16.5.2 Case Studies -- 16.5.2.1 Late Eocene ‘Whiskey Creek’ Seep Carbonates of Washington State, U.S.A. -- 16.5.2.2 Early Cretaceous Seep Carbonates in the Canadian Arctic -- 16.6 Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Settings and Limestone/Marl Sequences -- 16.6.1 Carbonate-Siliciclastic Environments -- 16.6.1.1 Modern Carbonate-Siliciclastic Environments -- 16.6.1.2 Ancient Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Environments -- 16.6.1.3 Describing Carbonate-Siliciclastic Sediments: Practical Advice -- 16.6.2 Limestone-Marl Sequences: Primary or/and Diagenetic Origin? -- 16.7 Secular Variations in Carbonate Depositional Patterns and Temporal Changes in Microfacies Criteria -- 16.7.1 Changes of Major Carbonate Depositional Environments During Time -- 16.7.1.1 Phanerozoic Carbonate Platforms -- 16.7.1.2 Phanerozoic Reef Patterns -- 16.7.1.3 Pelagic Carbonates -- 16.7.2 Differences in Phanerozoic Benthic Carbonate Factories -- 16.7.3 Temporal Changes in Non-Skeletal and Skeletal Mineralogy -- 16.7.4 Temporal Changes in th
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|a Practical Use of Microfacies -- 17 Reservoir Rocks and Host Rocks -- 17.1 Carbonate Hydrocarbon Reservoirs -- 17.1.1 Distribution of Carbonate Reservoirs during Time -- 17.1.2 Depositional Setting and Environmental Controls of Carbonate Reservoirs -- 17.1.2.1 Depositional Setting -- 17.1.2.2 Environmental Controls -- 17.1.3 Diagenetic Controls on Carbonate Reservoirs -- 17.1.3.1 Reservoir Properties -- 17.1.3.2 Diagenetic Controls on Reservoir Properties -- 17.1.4 Methods -- 17.1.4.1 Seismic Interpretation -- 17.1.4.2 Log Response -- 17.1.4.3 Cores and Cuttings -- 17.1.4.4 Reservoir-Related Outcrop Analog Studies -- 17.1.5 Microfacies, Lithofacies and Reservoir Rock Types -- 17.1.5.1 Reservoir Heterogeneity -- 17.1.5.2 Relevant Microfacies Data -- 15.1.5.3 Reservoir Rock Types and Facies Criteria -- 17.2 Carbonate-Hosted Mineral Deposits -- 17.2.1 Ore Deposits and Carbonate Settings -- 17.2.2 Microfacies and Ore Deposits -- 18 Carbonate Rock Resources, Facies, Weathering, Preservation -- 18.1 Industrial Use of Carbonate Rocks -- 18.2 Exploration and Exploitation of Carbonate Rocks -- 18.3 Facies and Physical-Chemical Properties of Carbonate Rocks -- 18.4 Weathering, Decay and Preservation of Carbonate Rocks -- 18.4.1 Weathering of Carbonate Rocks -- 18.4.2 Preservation -- 19 Microfacies and Archaeology -- 19.1 Questions and Methods -- 19.2 Building Stones -- 19.2.1 Building Stones: Methods -- 19.2.2 Building Stones: Examples -- 19.3 Mosaic Material -- 19.3.1 Mosaic Material: Methods -- 19.3.2 Mosaic Material: Examples -- 19.4 Works of Art -- 19.4.1 Works of Art: Methods -- 19.4.2 Works of Art: Example -- 19.5 Ceramics -- 19.5.1 Ceramics: Methods -- 19.5.2 Ceramics: Example -- 19.6 Marble Studies -- 19.7 Antony and Cleopatra: Tracing a Famous Love Affair -- 20 Adding Some Samples / Axel Munnecke.
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| 650 |
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|9 1052
|a Geología
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|9 10917
|a Sedimentología
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| 650 |
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|9 946
|a Carbono
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| 942 |
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|2 CDU
|c LIBRO
|
| 999 |
|
|
|c 4757
|d 4757
|
| 952 |
|
|
|0 0
|1 0
|2 CDU
|4 0
|6 551_300000000000000_F672
|7 0
|9 9560
|a 04
|b 04
|d 2018-02-22
|l 0
|o 551.3 F672
|p 32-01338
|r 2018-02-22
|w 2018-02-22
|y LIBRO NPP
|
| 952 |
|
|
|0 0
|1 0
|2 CDU
|4 0
|6 551_300000000000000_F672
|7 0
|9 9561
|a 04
|b 04
|d 2018-02-22
|l 0
|o 551.3 F672
|p 32-01575
|r 2018-02-22
|w 2018-02-22
|y LIBRO
|
| 952 |
|
|
|0 0
|1 0
|2 CDU
|4 0
|6 551_300000000000000_F672
|7 0
|9 9562
|a 04
|b 04
|d 2018-02-22
|l 0
|o 551.3 F672
|p 32-01576
|r 2018-02-22
|w 2018-02-22
|y LIBRO
|