Binding energy 12 Dirac equations Linear equations 12 Lead 10 Wave functions 10 Atoms 8 Theoretical study 8 Inner-shell ionization 6 L-shell ionization 6 Response model 6 Shells (structures) 6 Target electrons 6 Binding sites 4 Dielectric formalism 4 Electron energy loss spectroscopy 4 Energy dissipation 4 Energy loss 4 Energy regions 4 Experimental data 4 Ionization 4 Lead alloys 4 Nuclear energy 4 Potential energy 4 Protons 4 Shell ionization 4 4f-electrons 2 Ab-initio calculations 2 Atomic numbers 2 Atomic structure calculations 2 Carbon nanotubes 2