| Sumario: | This paper reviews Salvador Canals Frau's interpretative proposals of the Capayan and Olongasta ethnicities, which he "discovered" in the 1940s and 1950s through detailed analysis of early colonial sources. His investigations sought to identify and locate these two "ethnicities" in the pre-Hispanic and Hispanic-Indigenous contact periods. They were transformed and diluted beginning with the advance of the conquest in the southern jurisdictions of the territory of Tucumán. A critical evaluation of the work of Canals Frau on these problems allows us to analyze his working methodology and evaluate the implications of the hegemonic theory of the time, while also recovering his contributions during a foundational stage of argentine anthropology.
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